Methods to Adjust for Confounding in Test-Negative Design COVID-19 Effectiveness Studies: Simulation Study

Rowley, E. A., Mitchell, P. K., Yang, D.-H., Lewis, N., Dixon, B. E., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Fadel, W. F., Essien, I. J., Naleway, A. L., Stenehjem, E., Ong, T. C., Gaglani, M., Natarajan, K., Embi, P., Wiegand, R. E., Link-Gelles, R., Tenforde, M. W., & Fireman, B. (2025). Methods to Adjust for Confounding in Test-Negative Design COVID-19 Effectiveness Studies: Simulation Study. JMIR Formative Research, 9, e58981. https://doi.org/10.2196/58981
Authors:
Elizabeth Rowley
Patrick K. Mitchell
Duck‐Hye Yang
Ned Lewis
Brian E. Dixon
Gabriela Vazquez‐Benitez
William F. Fadel
Inih J Essien
Allison L. Naleway
Edward Stenehjem
Toan C. Ong
Manjusha Gaglani
Karthik Natarajan
Peter J. Embí
Ryan E. Wiegand
Ruth Link‐Gelles
Mark W. Tenforde
Bruce Fireman
Affiliated Authors:
Karthik Natarajan
Author Keywords:
disease risk score
propensity score
vaccine effectiveness
covid-19
simulation study
usefulness
comorbidity
assessment
Publication Type:
Article
Unique ID:
10.2196/58981
PMID:
Publication Date:
Data Source:
OpenAlex

Record Created: